June 5, 2013
http://asiafoundation.org
Cambodian migrant workers sent home $256 million in remittances
in 2012, 1.8 percent of the country’s GDP and the fourth highest
percentage in Southeast Asia, according to a new report
from the World Bank and the International Fund for Agricultural
Development (IFAD). Latest Cambodian Ministry figures indicate that the
number of workers migrating abroad legally has more than doubled over
the last few years: from 53,160 in 2009/2010 to 130,000 in 2012.
Despite steady economic growth, many Cambodians, especially young
people (more than half the population is under 25), struggle to find
jobs, which has driven the rise in migration to other countries for
work. While Thailand has long been one of the most popular destination
countries for Cambodian workers (followed by Malaysia and Korea), the
numbers are steadily rising as a result of the Thai government’s
introduction of a new minimum wage of 300 baht per day ($10), compared to 18,000 riel
($4.50) for unskilled laborers in Cambodia. While this does offer job
opportunities for Cambodians, a major concern now is that a greater
outflow of labor migration among young people is taking place
predominantly through irregular channels which are often illegal and
dangerous. These channels are low cost and fast compared to channels
that use private recruitment agencies formally registered with the
Ministry of Labor and Vocational Training (MoLVT). It is estimated that
as many as 500,000 young Cambodians are working in Thailand now, and
anecdotal findings indicate that this, along with movement to Malaysia,
is where much of the irregular migration happens.
The irregularity associated with labor exploitation and trafficking
are predominantly reported from Cambodian migrants working on fishing industry in Thailand
(In 2011 and 2012 alone, the International Organization for Migration
reintegrated more than 100 Cambodian male trafficking victims, most
from Thai fishing boats). But alarming abuses are also reported from
female migrants working as domestic helpers in Malaysia, where 34,000
documented Cambodian migrants reported working during 2007-2010.
The Cambodian National Committee to Combat Trafficking organized a
national workshop in March to address the issues associated with labor
migration including labor exploitation and human trafficking. Hundreds
of representatives from relevant ministries and agencies, provincial
departments, commune councilors, and youth attended. The participants
raised concerns on the sharp rise of youth labor migration, both through
regular (documented) and irregular (undocumented) channels.
Participants, including trafficking victims themselves, also discussed
the high costs and the time-consuming process for registering through
the regular channels, and spoke candidly about the fact that there’s not
much evidence that registering through a regular channel is beneficial
to them compared to irregular channels. The lack of visible protection,
facilities, and tangible benefits that distinguish regular from
irregular migrants undermines prevention efforts to change the behavior
of labor migration from irregular to regular migration.
Her Excellency You Ay, Cambodia’s ambassador to Thailand, echoed this
concern, pointing out that registered agency fees in Cambodia are often
as high as 10-month worth of salary, or about 20,000 baht ($667), compared to just a 6-month salary for Burmese workers.
Due to an increase in malpractice being committed by recruitment
agencies, in 2011, the Cambodian government introduced a new policy, the
Sub-Decree 190 on Management of Sending Workers Abroad, which aims to
better regulate these recruitment agencies. In 2012, the MoLVT went a
step further, announcing it would create seven ministerial orders (known
as Prakas) designed to provide comprehensive, supplemental guidelines
to the sub-degree 190. As of February 2013, three ministerial orders
which define specific standards for recruitment and pre-departure
training have been signed by the MoLVT. The remaining other four Prakas
are still being drafted and will cover issues such as complaint
mechanisms, rewards and penalties for private recruitment agencies,
service of private recruitment agencies on site, repatriation, and the
inspection of private recruitment agencies. These remaining policies are
expected to be enforced later this year.
On March 28, 2013, Interior Minister Sar Kheng announced at the
national workshop that recruitment agencies would be required to reduce
their recruitment fees to 12,000 baht ($400), the equivalent of
a 6-month salary, instead of the 10-month salary amount. He also
unveiled the government’s pilot passport-making office which opened in
April in Battambang province in the northwest, to help potential
migrants obtain legal passports closer to their home and will reduce
travel costs.
Despite efforts, Cambodians aged 15-30, who make up roughly 32
percent of the population, and who are most vulnerable to trafficking
and exploitation, still have limited awareness of the dangers and steps
they could take to prevent themselves from becoming victims. To address
this critical problem, The Asia Foundation has been working since June
2012 in partnership with the National Committee to Lead Suppression of
Human Trafficking, Smuggling, Labor and Sexual Exploitation (S.T.S.L.T),
and the Youth Council of Cambodia (YCC) to implement a new initiative
that promotes smart labor migration among youth in Siem Reap and Prey
Veng provinces.
The initiative builds youth club leaders’ capacity on trafficking and
labor migration and supports them to play a proactive role in their
communities by engaging them as leaders of change. The trained youth
club leaders conduct outreach activities trainings, and public forums
with peers and local authorities to discuss challenges and concrete
steps young people should take before they decide to migrate and what
steps to take if they are trapped at the destination country.
The existing efforts from civil society in particular are helping to
reduce risks and increase knowledge, but it is a challenge to reduce
patterns of labor migration. One of the best ways to keep migrants from
going abroad would be for the Cambodian government to offer a similar
minimum wage to that in Thailand, and provide competitive benefits that
attract workers’ interest. Cambodia is an agricultural country, where 75
percent of people are farmers, so improving irrigation systems for
example to enable farmers to grow rice twice a year, would attract
potential migrants to continue farming. Milled rice export is on the
rise in Cambodia, and the government aims to reach 1 million tons of
milled rice for export by 2015.However, many are concerned that the
significant rise Cambodian workers going abroad will result in a serious
workforce deficit that will threaten the government’s plan to become a
leading rice exporter in the region. To respond to the growing labor
deficit, the government is working to promote more favorable job
conditions through increased regulation, the recently introduced
national social security fund, paid transportation allowance, and from
May increased the monthly minimum wage from $61 to $80. The government
is also considering introducing a healthcare insurance scheme and
retirement pension funds for workers by 2015.
In the end, the government, civil society, youth, and the private
sector must work together to ensure that Cambodia’s migrant workers know
their rights and are free from dangerous, vulnerable conditions.
Fortunately, these recent efforts seem to be pointing Cambodia in the
right direction.
Lim Siv Hong is The Asia Foundation’s senior program officer in Cambodia. She can be reached at hlim@asiafound.org. The views and opinions expressed here are those of the individual author and not those of The Asia Foundation.
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