A Change of Guard

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Thursday 11 September 2014

Chinese Invasion of Vietnam February 1979

relations with Vietnam began to deteriorate seriously in the mid-1970s. After Vietnam joined the Soviet-dominated Council for Mutual Economic Cooperation (Comecon) and signed the Treaty of Friendship and Cooperation with the Soviet Union in 1978, China branded Vietnam the "Cuba of the East" and called the treaty a military alliance. Incidents along the Sino-Vietnamese border increased in frequency and violence. In December 1978 Vietnam invaded Cambodia, quickly ousted the pro-Beijing Pol Pot regime, and overran the country.
Vietnamese prisoners of war captured in the China-Vietnamese war of 1979. 
China captured 2210 Vietnamese Prisoners of War and Vietnam just captured 238 of Chinese POWs in 1979.
China's twenty-nine-day incursion into Vietnam in February 1979 was a response to what China considered to be a collection of provocative actions and policies on Hanoi's part. These included Vietnamese intimacy with the Soviet Union, mistreatment of ethnic Chinese living in Vietnam, hegemonistic "imperial dreams" in Southeast Asia, and spurning of Beijing's attempt to repatriate Chinese residents of Vietnam to China.
In February 1979 China attacked along virtually the entire Sino-Vietnamese border in a brief, limited campaign that involved ground forces only. The Chinese attack came at dawn on the morning of 17 February 1979, and employed infantry, armor, and artillery. Air power was not employed then or at any time during the war. Within a day, the Chinese People's Liberation Army (PLA) had advanced some eight kilometers into Vietnam along a broad front. It then slowed and nearly stalled because of heavy Vietnamese resistance and difficulties within the Chinese supply system. On February 21, the advance resumed against Cao Bang in the far north and against the all-important regional hub of Lang Son. Chinese troops entered Cao Bang on February 27, but the city was not secured completely until March 2. Lang Son fell two days later. On March 5, the Chinese, saying Vietnam had been sufficiently chastised, announced that the campaign was over. Beijing declared its "lesson" finished and the PLA withdrawal was completed on March 16.
Chinese POW's captured in Vietnam '79 (Photo:Vtn archive)
No amount of strategic propaganda can cover the PLA's tactical failures of the Sino-Vietnam War. The campaign was racked by mistakes ranging from training and preparation to using Red Army meatgrinder tactics that the PLA had neither the training, the resources nor the experience to perform. The problems arising from the training should have stopped the campaign but no senior officer put a stop to an overly ambitious plan. The lack of proper maps and compasses resulted in troops getting lost during training. Radio waves wrapped themselves around the hilly terrain. Operations officers did not have the training or experience to properly equip their troops, resulting in units going without water for 24 to 48 hours after first contact.

The element of surprise had been lost. The Vietnamese battle hardened militia were well dug in and waiting. In contrast, the PLA mobilized second class garrison troops. The PLA's best-armed and best-trained troops faced North, against much tougher possible Soviet retaliation.
None of these deficiencies were addressed before the PLA attacked on 17 February 1979. The PLA attacked Vietnam through 26 points of entry. Immediately, the volume of battle management overwhelmed the PLA's limited C3. The front line units experienced human casualties and equipment failures that could not sustain battle momentum. Moreover, company commanders would rather wait for tank and recoilless rifle support before taking on Vietnamese entrenched positions. The front line units exhausted themselves, forcing a re-supply much earlier than planned. Re-enforcement and re-supply were brought forward to shore up the units. The 26 unwieldy prongs were consolidated into a more manageable 9 aiming at Cao Bang, Lang Son, Hang Lien Sen, Lai Chou and Quang Ninh.
The final phase saw the heaviest fighting of the war, climaxing with the capture of Lang Son on 2 March. The Vietnamese adopted their favourite tactics of abandoning urban areas in favor of the built up surrounding hills. The PLA did not contest these strong points. Instead, they pushed through to the urban areas, taking them after fierce close quarter combat. None of the routes into these urban areas were what the West would consider secured.
Hanoi's post-incursion depiction of the border war was that Beijing had sustained a military setback if not an outright defeat. Most observers doubted that China would risk another war with Vietnam in the near future. Gerald Segal, in his 1985 book Defending China, concluded that China's 1979 war against Vietnam was a complete failure: "China failed to force a Vietnamese withdrawal from [Cambodia], failed to end border clashes, failed to cast doubt on the strength of the Soviet power, failed to dispel the image of China as a paper tiger, and failed to draw the United States into an anti-Soviet coalition."
Nevertheless, Bruce Elleman argued that "one of the primary diplomatic goals behind China's attack was to expose Soviet assurances of military support to Vietnam as a fraud. Seen in this light, Beijing's policy was actually a diplomatic success, since Moscow did not actively intervene, thus showing the practical limitations of the Soviet-Vietnamese military pact. ... China achieved a strategic victory by minimizing the future possibility of a two-front war against the USSR and Vietnam."
After the war both China and Vietnam reorganized their border defenses. In 1986 China deployed twenty-five to twenty-eight divisions and Vietnam thirty-two divisions along their common border.
The 1979 attack confirmed Hanoi's perception of China as a threat. The PAVN high command henceforth had to assume, for planning purposes, that the Chinese might come again and might not halt in the foothills but might drive on to Hanoi. The border war strengthened Soviet-Vietnamese relations. The Soviet military role in Vietnam increased during the 1980s as the Soviets provided arms to Vietnam; moreover, Soviet ships enjoyed access to the harbors at Danang and Cam Ranh Bay, and Soviet reconnaissance aircraft operated out of Vietnamese airfields. The Vietnamese responded to the Chinese campaign by turning the districts along the China border into "iron fortresses" manned by well-equipped and well-trained paramilitary troops. In all, an estimated 600,000 troops were assigned to counter Chinese operations and to stand ready for another Chinese invasion. The precise dimensions of the frontier operations were difficult to determine, but its monetary cost to Vietnam was considerable.
By 1987 China had stationed nine armies (approximately 400,000 troops) in the Sino-Vietnamese border region, including one along the coast. It had also increased its landing craft fleet and was periodically staging amphibious landing exercises off Hainan Island, across from Vietnam, thereby demonstrating that a future attack might come from the sea.
Low-level conflict continued along the Sino-Vietnamese border as each side conducted artillery shelling and probed to gain high spots in the mountainous border terrain. Border incidents increased in intensity during the rainy season, when Beijing attempted to ease Vietnamese pressure against Cambodian resistance fighters.
Since the early 1980s, China pursued what some observers described as a semi-secret campaign against Vietnam that was more than a series of border incidents and less than a limited small-scale war. The Vietnamese called it a "multifaceted war of sabotage." Hanoi officials have described the assaults as comprising steady harassment by artillery fire, intrusions on land by infantry patrols, naval intrusions, and mine planting both at sea and in the riverways. Chinese clandestine activity (the "sabotage" aspect) for the most part was directed against the ethnic minorities of the border region. According to the Hanoi press, teams of Chinese agents systematically sabotaged mountain agricultural production centers as well as lowland port, transportation, and communication facilities. Psychological warfare operations were an integral part of the campaign, as was what the Vietnamese called "economic warfare"--encouragement of Vietnamese villagers along the border to engage in smuggling, currency speculation, and hoarding of goods in short supply.

14 comments:

Anonymous said...

In the pictures, you can see the average North Vietnamese troops were much bigger and taller than the Chinese troops. I met one North Vietnamese from Hanoi, and he was big. I thought I was a big and a superior Asian, he was actually slightly bigger than I was, and twice as strong.

I can easily crush and destroy any Khmer or South Vietnamese puny guys within 20 seconds. I bet this North Vietnamese guy can do the same within 5 seconds. In college, my Karate round house snap was so powerful, it was named "Shadow kick" and rumored to be able in decapitating any Asian head.

---------------------------------
When China invaded Vietnam in 1979, China did not employed any Air Force. Clearly American Air Force had a very tough time fighting the North Vietnamese Air Force during the Vietnam war. Vietnam had many Mig-fighter aces and made the Soviet very proud of the Mig-21.

As the result, Chinese troops faced a huge disadvantage. Vietnam asserted air superiority. Vietnam also received satellite intelligence from the Soviets and gained huge tactical advantage. Basically, all Chinese movement, deployment on the grounds were readily exposed and reported to Vietnamese central command. Many Chinese troop movements were predicted and mined ahead of the paths, and were inflicted with massive losses.

I strongly advised the Khmer folks to submit to the superior Vietnamese. You would not stand a chance. You are a very weak nation, a pathetic race. Your race has few in numbers. And your best genes were creamed off many times.

You are poor, lacking resources. You could not even buy your own land concessions and have been kicked around like wild animals. Your migrant workers are the punching bags oversea. For some reason, the Cambodian maids have been widely abused in Malaysia. Perhaps the Cambodian maids did something the employers just hate and got abused.

Look at me, the Whites always loved me. When I was poor, the Whites came to my poor neighborhood to take me home to feed and gave me coolie jobs. I knew they loved me because they got up at 7AM to drive an hour round trip so that I can start working at 8AM. Some time the White guy would ask, "Can I pick you up at 9AM tomorrow? This week I am so tired."

I advised you folks to learn to be nice and get help. People might feel sorry for you and then help. I used to walk barefeet or strapped spent car tires rubber as shoes. I wore passed over clothes, free tattered clothes with patches. But I was always noble and nice. People quickly spot out, "That kid must be from a ruling class!" They felt sorry for me and helped. I used to sell lottery tickets on the street and nobody beaten me up.

Well, I did have a lot of problems with dark-skinned kids in my area. (I sold lottery tickets at the rich district, not at my poor area.) And I used to fight on the street a lot. I realize now, you dark-skin people are not equal to the light-skin race. Prove me wrong.

-Drgunzet-

Anonymous said...

When I was 13, I begun to study Sun Tzu's Art of War and Special Force's Martial Arts to defeat the dark-skin kids. I learned the concept, "When you are weak, appear to be strong. When you are strong, appear to be weak."

Interesting enough, I modified Sun Tzu's teaching at will, "When you don't want to fight, appear to be strong. When you want to fight, appear to be weak." I posted this on the Chinese forum and the Chinese were shocked. I don't think the Khmer folks can understand it.

The funny thing is, the Khmer are weak, and dumb but they always want to fight. They got defeated again and again, were saved and rescued from time to time, barely survive, yet they still want to fight. You folks remind me of the red ants. lol...I did a role-playing with the red-ants, "Thou shall not sting me, thou shall not fight."

The ants disobeyed me, I unzipped my pants and punish them with my toxic rain. I peed on the ant hill and the ants abandoned their ant hill the next couple days. lol.

-Drgunzet-

Anonymous said...

Drgunzet,

English testing, let see if you understand the joke below, if you do summarize it.


Testicle Therapy

Two women were playing golf One teed off and watched in horror as her ball headed
directly toward a foursome of men playing the next hole.

The ball hit one of the men. He immediately clasped his hands together at his groin,
fell to the ground and proceeded to roll around in agony.

The woman rushed down to the man, and immediately began to apologize.
"Please allow me to help. I'm a Physical Therapist, and I know I could relieve
your pain if you'd allow me," she told him.

'Oh, no, I'll be all right. I'll be fine in a few minutes,' the man replied.
He was in obvious agony, lying in the fetal position, still clasping his hands there at his groin.

At her persistence, however, he finally allowed her to help. She gently took his hands away
and laid them to the side, loosened his pants and put her hands inside.

She administered tender and artful massage for several long moments
And asked, 'How does that feel'?

He replied, 'It feels great, but I still think my thumb's broken



Anonymous said...

Gosh, the joke from the Khmer is low class. Let me demonstrate my German superiority with my own joke.

I used to date this one gal at a research center. She was super smart and high class. I told her two jokes:

1. Billy has a habit of using his fingers to count when he does addition. The teacher wants to stop that bad habit.

Teacher: Bill, what is 2 + 2?
Billy pulls up one hand with 2 fingers, and the other hand with 2, then he counts 1, 2, 3, 4. 2 + 2 equals 4.
Teachers: Bill, that is too slow. You must not use your fingers and counting. Put your hands behind your back. What is 3 + 4.
Billy takes a while to answer 7, but Marry sitting in the back exclaimed, "Teacher, Billy was still counting."

This time the teacher orders Billy to put his hands into his pockets, "What is 5 + 5. Billy takes a while then answer "11".

--------------------
2. Little James were 11 but he was many years more mature than other kids at his age. One day, his teacher gave the class a math problem, "There are 14 birds on a branch, the hunter shot-gun 3 of them. How many birds are left?"

Little James quickly raced to the answer, "None left, the other birds flew away." The teacher smiled, "Clever boy, you are missing the point. I am teaching you the lesson in subtraction. The correction is 11. Your answer is wrong, but I like it."

Little James protested, "But your lesson is not practical, not realistic." The teacher retorted, "What do you know about practical and realistic?"

Little James challenged the teacher, "There are three young women eating ice-cream cones. One sucks the cone, one bites the cone, and one licks the cones. Which one is married?" The teacher sweated a little bit and answered with tongue-in-cheek, "...mm...the one sucks the cone is married."

Little James pounced on the teacher, "Wrong. The one who wears a wedding ring is married. Your answer is wrong, but I like it."

-Drgunzet-

Anonymous said...

So, after I told my lady friend the two jokes, I asked her if she like my jokes. She liked the Little James joke and did not care for the Billy joke. She thought the Billy joke was a bit crude.

Then I told her, "It's time to give big Jane some Math test."

Well, it was winter and she was putting her hands in my pants' pocket to warm up. So I asked her, "What is 5 + 3?"

She monkeyed a bit in my pants' pocket then answered "9". I said, "Hmmmm...what is 3 + 3?" Again, she monkeyed a bit in my pants pockets then answered 7.

I then paused a bit, "Hmmm...Hmmmm....this ought to work. What is 2 + 2?" Again, she monkeyed her hands in my pockets then answered 5.

I told her, "You answers are all wrong. But I like them." She chuckled and whacked my winie.

-Drgunzet-

Anonymous said...

Dear Khmer, no matter how you try, you will see how inferior you are when you face superior people. Prepare to be owned.

-Drgunzet-

Anonymous said...

Drgunzet,

English testing, let see if you understand the joke below, if you do summarize it.


Testicle Therapy

Two women were playing golf One teed off and watched in horror as her ball headed
directly toward a foursome of men playing the next hole.

The ball hit one of the men. He immediately clasped his hands together at his groin,
fell to the ground and proceeded to roll around in agony.

The woman rushed down to the man, and immediately began to apologize.
"Please allow me to help. I'm a Physical Therapist, and I know I could relieve
your pain if you'd allow me," she told him.

'Oh, no, I'll be all right. I'll be fine in a few minutes,' the man replied.
He was in obvious agony, lying in the fetal position, still clasping his hands there at his groin.

At her persistence, however, he finally allowed her to help. She gently took his hands away
and laid them to the side, loosened his pants and put her hands inside.

She administered tender and artful massage for several long moments
And asked, 'How does that feel'?

He replied, 'It feels great, but I still think my thumb's broken





12 September 2014 11:36 am

-----------

You don’t even understand the question; it is not about high class, low class joke, stupid.
It is about your understanding of the joke, stupid.
If you understand it, what is the joke about?
This is a test of your English comprehension, do you get it dummy.



Anonymous said...

It will be a joyist day, the day China teach the little Hanoi dog a lesson once for all. That day, the Khmer people be will rejoice in happy.

Happy Day

Anonymous said...

Lmao nice joke. This drgunzet wtf you on high class low class wtf. Would you like some cavier maybe give it to you with some dog and bbq rat. Some genius you are drgunzet

Anonymous said...

Vietnamese has small genetics end of story. Small penis small frame small bones small muscles. They as with majority of east asians are small. Fact.

Anonymous said...

In response to the guy above.

http://www.interbasket.net/news/4385/2009/09/average-height-by-country-males-20-years/

Khmer is shorter than Vietnamese.

Your so call fact is fiction. Hate is one thing. Just don't say something you do not know.

Anonymous said...

Vietnam is embarking a program to raise the dairy production (mainly milk) to increase the health and height for the children in Vietnam. In the next 10 years, the effect will show. I anticipate Vietnamese kids will grow an extra 2 - 3 centimeters tallers.

There is no way Khmer children can compete against Vietnamese children. The gap is getting bigger and bigger. Vietnamese are superior over Khmer.

-Drgunzet-

Anonymous said...

Do you know why, little youn ?

Because the youns are the shortest and the most ugly of all human race.

Need I say more, little youn ?

Sincerely,
STUPID youn...

Anonymous said...

I wonder why the admin did not delete the comment above?

Keep it clean & on the subject, guys.