Wednesday 30 May 2012
In a Cambodian case that has attracted UN attention, Phlong Srey Rann
is currently serving a five- year prison sentence for having sex with her girlfriend. She has been charged with human trafficking and illegal
detention despite insisting that their relationship was consensual.
The
case is surrounded by controversy and police are suspected of
fabricating charges that the defendants' girlfriend was underage. Srey
Rann's litigator told the Phnom Penh Post that her "girlfriend's family
bribed local authorities to change her real age" in order to take legal
action against Srey Rann.
A 2010 report from the Cambodian Centre
for Human Rights highlights that although same-sex relationships are
legal there are many examples of lesbians being persecuted by the law.
The report suggests that those in authority who discriminate and
persecute LGBT [lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender] individuals may
"conceive of such treatment as 'punishment' for not adhering to accepted
social norms."
Srun Srorn, a key player in the struggle for LGBT
rights in Cambodia, has met lesbians from all over The Kingdom with
similar experiences of heartache, discrimination and forced marriages.
He
explains: "There are some [lesbian] couples that have died because
their parents, family and local authorities have got involved with their
cases. In Banteay Meanchay, one lesbian's family forced her to marry a
man and gave her some traditional medicine which resulted in her dying.
When she died, her partner killed herself too."
Cambodia prides
itself as the Kingdom of Wonder, but overwhelming problems with poverty,
low levels of education and poor health provision dominate the news and
agenda for development agencies. In this context, issues of sexuality
and gender identity can be overlooked or seen as a low priority.
Srorn argues that the first problem lesbians in Cambodia face, is being female in a society that favours men and boys: "Women are discriminated against and stigmatised every day by cultural norms."
Srorn argues that the first problem lesbians in Cambodia face, is being female in a society that favours men and boys: "Women are discriminated against and stigmatised every day by cultural norms."
Traditionally,
a Cambodian woman's main role is to marry well and raise children.
School lessons often reflect this and are geared towards preparing girls
for these roles. As a result, many girls believe that this preparation
is more important than academic aspirations. The Chbap Srey or Women's
Code of Conduct, which until recently was taught to all school children,
outlines the importance for women to be feminine, modest and obedient
thus limiting decision making power, political power and women's social
and professional capacity to express themselves and build relationships.
Although female employment is relatively high, women are more
commonly employed informally by family members on a low wage. As a
consequence, women are rarely financially independent and are typically
dependant on their parents or their husbands. This factor is
particularly significant for Cambodian lesbians as they are often
financially incapable of living on their own or with their female
partners.
Many Cambodian lesbians identify as neither fully male
nor fully female but as third gender. A large number of women in
same-sex relationships choose to express themselves using male pronouns
and dressing in masculine clothes, thus transgressing gender norms.
Women that express themselves in such a way find that they can be
excluded from school, have limited employment options and may be
excluded from their communities. As a result, many Cambodian lesbians
find they are discriminated against firstly as women, and secondly as
lesbians.
Ly Pisey supports women in marginalised communities
including sex workers, trans women and lesbians. Pisey explains that
women in same-sex relationships are often isolated in their communities
and that "homosexuality has not yet been understood widely by families,
communities, work places, charity workers, government officers and
society as an alright way of living. Many people cannot accept it..."
In
2008, Pisey and Srorn joined forces with national and international
LGBT volunteers with a shared desire to improve the situation for LGBT
Cambodians. They enlisted the support of several non-governmental
organisations and local businesses and together they created an
extraordinary and pivotal moment in Cambodian LGBT history: The first
Pride week.
Organised in 2009 to coincide with International Day
against Homophobia and Transphobia, for many Cambodian lesbians it was
the first opportunity to celebrate their identity and meet like-minded
individuals and couples from provinces all over Cambodia as well as
other countries. Since this event, the organisers have continued their
work and formed Rainbow Community Kampuchea (RoCK), an LGBT rights
advocacy collective.
Pride 2011 featured a Buddhist blessing
ceremony. In a country which places so much importance on Buddhist
teachings this ceremony was a great accomplishment in the realisation of
LGBT acceptance.
This year, the Association of Southeast Asian
Nations Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender, Intersex and Queer Peoples
Caucus convened in Phnom Penh. The convention celebrated diversity and
reminded governments and members of civil society that LGBTIQ rights
must be recognised, promoted and protected. This is an indicator of how
successfully RoCK has not only built strong grassroots foundations but
also linked in with regional and international communities.
With
so many socio-economic problems present in Cambodia, some may say that
focussing on the rights of lesbian identities and women in same-sex
relationships is of low importance. In fact, one could argue that the
empowerment of a group that faces double discrimination due to their
gender and their sexual orientation could be ground-breaking by
challenging societal structures that favour both heterosexuality and
patriarchy.
In many cultures, women are discouraged from seeking
or expressing sexual pleasure and their sexuality remains hidden. As
such, in western and developing countries, female sexuality is often
suppressed. These factors may be hindering development efforts.
Last
year's report from the Institute of Development studies and Pathways of
Women's Empowerment found that "focusing on the positive aspects of
female sexuality is a key strategy in challenging limiting social norms
that restrict women's wellbeing and opportunities at work, in politics
and in the public domain."
Srorn and the RoCK team continue
challenging deep-seated cultural beliefs that lead to discrimination:
"Sometimes gays and lesbians are seen as almost sub-human by many people
in our society. We want to tell those people that we are human beings-
and we love who we are."
1 comment:
This problem is also happening in the West.
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